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An Image From A dream |
One of the most important aspect of Freuds theory was the effect of emotion and unconscious motivation. He was not the inventor of the unconscious but was the first to insist that the studies of the mind cannot lie within the four walls of the conscious. The emphasis on the unconscious was one of his most creative contribution to the problem of understanding how the personality harbours wishes and impulses which the conscious mind disavows. Freud however found that dreams could give him valuable clues to the patients inner feelings that produced the psychological disorder. But however there remained a problem of the dreams interptretation as they were remembered and related. Since dreams often seems to be illogical Freud approached the problem of interpreting dreams by dividing it into two constituent parts (a) manifest and (b) symbolism. The analyst tries to interpret the symbolism of the manifest content to arrive at a more logical story. This is the latent part or the actual part of the dream. (I shall discuss in short the meanings of dream in the eyes of ayurveda later). Freud believed that neuroses most of the time are caused due lack of normal sexual life and begins soon after birth. At first Freud held that there are two vital instincts in humans, the drive towards self preservation and drive towards sexual gratification. The first one is of little significance but the second one is often repressed because of the pressure the society imposes upon the individual. This leads to changes in personality, and mental illness like neurosis. The first world war stimulated Freud to develop his theory about psychological drives further. Apalled by the destruction and carnage he tried to explain the aggressive drives in human nature. He felt the presence of another urge which is a self destructive one the " death instinct " The two instincts of self preservation and sexual gratification he combined into one the " life instinct " which he named as " Eros ". The life instinct was capable to drive away the death instinct in the form of outward aggression. In his modified interpretation of instincts he went on to suggest that personality was constructed of three parts, these are ' id ' ' ego ' ' super ego ' This division has now become the integral part of Freudian theory. The " id " is the unconscious part of personality and is made up of primitive urges. The " ego " is the contact with the external world. " Super ego " is the third part of personality it judges between good and bad behaviour and involves inner acceptance of social values and ideals. Like revolutionary doctrines Freud's view on mind drew great hostility but at the same time attracted a small group towards him but later they differed with some of his doctrines. Prominent among them were Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung. Adler developed some of his theories of his own and the well known among them which even concerns today is sence of inferiority. Adler went a step ahead of Freud and believed that striving for superiority and the urge for self realisation were the most important influences on the personality. The search for sexual gratification he held was subsidiary to self realisation. This conflicted with Freuds view on fundamental importance of sexual drives and led to break up amongst the two. Adlers view point assumes that man is motivated chiefly by social urges and the main driving force behind his activities is an innate desire towards superiority. He selects his own life style in striving to develop and perfect his personality. According to him life style is formed in early childhood and alters little afterwards. The individuals feeling of inferiority and his efforts to compensate the same depends on the style of life the man leads. Later Adler put forward a more dynamic principle the " creative self " whereby the person constructs his own personality out of his heredity and experience. This became the operating principle of life and likened to the spiritual concept of the soul. According to Adler a neurotic is a person who has failed to make a realistic adjustment between his desire for self realisation and the pressures of the society in which he lives. Neurotic's life characterised by an extreme inferiority complex often leaves for example to take decisions. Though Adlers theory is gifted with simplicity yet his method taken as a complete system is not popular today for it fails to explain far too many aspects of the mind. But he was always open to criticism due to oversimplification. The other famous name asociated with freud was Carl Gustav Jung who had immense interest not only in psychology but also in myths metaphysics etc. Last but not the least was another famous physiologist and a Nobel Laureate Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 - 1936) who penned conditional reflex theory in 1901 and investigated the psychological basis of dreams.
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