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A Dream Sequence |
If the mind remains engrossed with anything or drowned in a thought or trying to find a way out of anything with which we have lost track will return back in our dream. Walking during sleep is not uncommon. Such type of people are known as 'Somnam- bulist'. Here too the person is affected by the unconscious. It has also been observed that a man who had been dreaming of thieves stealing his belongings wakes up unconscious walks to his door and gets banged against it only to return to the conscious. There are various concepts about the mind. In the ancient Greece mind was regarded as an organ that was concerned only with pure ideas. The great thinker Plato explicitly denied it has anything to do with sensation. But Aristotle had more respect for the body and believed its governed by psychic powers worth the philosophers attention. The early Christians admired Plato more than Aristotle and throughout the middle ages it was considered that mind was the concern of God and body the concern of the devil. This went on for almost two thousand years until a great philosopher reopened the same with renewed vigour. He was 'Rene Descartes' of France born in 1596. He worked in mathematics, physiology, mechanics, philosophy etc. He sought to use scientific methods to prove the truths of the mind as well as matter. His famous dictum " I think therefore I am " which means the existence of the mind was not revealed doctrine but observable fact. He believed mind is always at work even during sleep. The birth of experimental psychology dates back to 1850 by the contribution of the great German professor Gustav Theodor Fechner when he published his book on " Elements of Psychophysics". A book on exact science of functional relations between body and mind. Like Fechner there was another physician turned philosopher Wilhelm Wundt . His prime interest was in sensation. Another giant figure among the American psychologists and who still inspires all schools was William James. His bent was philosophical and ultimately religious. He was cosmopolitan by nature and almost in every respect the temperamental opposite of Wundt. His famous book " The principles of Psychology " published in 1890 is still in use. But the most original thinker in the field of human psychology was Sigmund Freud the founder of Psycho-analysis. He theorised that mind operates on two levels the conscious and the unconscious. But the truth is many psychologists and psychiatrists regards his theories with scepticism. A major obstacle in understanding the Freudian doctrine is that it demands acceptance of some ideas of human behaviour which are distasteful to most people. But whatever it might be Freud's mark is on the world around us. The terms like 'Oedipus complex, Repression' are frequently in use. He was unquestionably one of the most important men of his time. Born in 1856 in a small town in Moravia then part of Austrian Empire he lived almost whole of his life in Vienna till he left for London in 1938 and where he died the following year. A brilliant student he got himself registered as a medical student in the university of Vienna. Subsequently he picked up clinical medicine and found new interest in the disorders of the nervous system. But he studied in Paris under the tutelege of Jean-Martin-Charcot a very famous teacher and one of the most eminent nurologists of his time. Charcots speciality was to investigate hysteria to which Freud was particularly interested in because he used hypnosis to remove the symptoms from his patients. Freud was greatly influenced under his tutelage and started believing the positive aspects of hypnosis. He watched very carefully Charcot successfully convince a patient in a hypnotic trance that illness will vanish when he woke up. One of the basic elements of Freudian doctrine was the importance he placed on neuroses. He defined neurosis as a faulty resolution of a conflict between an individuals drives and his efforts to keep up these urges and impulses from reaching the level of consciousness. Freud developed his own theory of infantile sexuality and as expected he encountered immense resistence from various quarters when he published his book on " Three contributions to the theory of sex " in 1905. But ignoring all resistance and difficulties he persisted with his theory and that became the basis on which he built the rest of his doctrine which still now bears his name.
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